Synchronization is one of the most critical aspects of kernel programming. Since kernel-mode code often runs in a multi-threaded environment and interacts with hardware, proper synchronization ensures that race conditions, deadlocks, and inconsistent data states do not occur. This section covers the various synchronization mechanisms available in the Windows kernel, such as mutexes, spin locks, semaphores, and asynchronous procedure calls (APCs). Understanding these techniques is crucial for students developing device drivers, file system filters, and other kernel components that require safe concurrent execution.